Akwai wata alaƙar kiɗa tsakanin “Jana Gana Mana” ta Rabindranath Tagore da waƙar Jaffna Hindu College, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a ƙasar Sri Lanka? Wani bincike da ya kwatanta rikodin biyu na asali ta amfani da lissafi, hankali na wucin gadi (AI), da ilimin kiɗa na kwamfuta.
Maƙalar bincike daga: Keshavan Thiagaraja
B.Sc. (Computer Science, Mathematics and Statistics)
M.Sc. (Information Technology)
E-Commerce Professional
Private AI Model Developer & AI Security Consultant
Helping SMEs and Enterprises Build Secure AI Solutions
Sydney, Australia
Abin mamakin kiɗa na ƙarni ɗaya
Waƙar ƙasar Indiya “Jana Gana Mana” wata fitacciyar ƙirƙirar kiɗa ce da ke nuna ƙaunar ƙasa da ainihin ƙasa na ɗaruruwan miliyoyin ‘yan Indiya a faɗin duniya.
Wannan waƙar da mawaƙin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel Rabindranath Tagore ya ƙirƙira tana da matsayi na musamman a tarihi da al’adun Indiya.
Amma shin yana yiwuwa akwai kama-da-juna na kiɗa tsakanin wannan waƙar da waƙar wata sananniyar cibiyar ilimi da aka kafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara a Jaffna, a arewacin Sri Lanka, kusa da Indiya?
Wannan cibiya ita ce Jaffna Hindu College (யாழ்ப்பாணம் இந்துக் கல்லூரி).
Idan aka kwatanta waƙar wannan kwalejin, “Vaazhiya Yaazhnagar Hindu Kalluri”, da waƙar ƙasar Indiya, wata tambaya mai ban sha’awa ta taso.
Shin waƙoƙin biyu sun fito ne daga gargajiyar kiɗa ɗaya? Shin akwai kama-da-juna da za a iya aunawa da lissafi tsakanin waƙoƙin su? Ko kuma ɗayan waƙar an ƙirƙire ta ne bisa tasirin tsarin kiɗa na ɗayan?
An gudanar da wannan binciken ne domin amsa waɗannan tambayoyin ba bisa ra’ayoyi na zuciya ba, sai dai bisa shaidu na kimiyya da na tarihi.
1. Tarihin waƙar ƙasar Indiya
Waƙar ƙasar Indiya “Jana Gana Mana” Rabindranath Tagore ne ya ƙirƙire ta a harshen Bengali.
An rera waƙar a karon farko a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1911 a taron Majalisar Ƙasa ta Indiya da aka yi a Calcutta.
Bayan ‘yancin ƙasar Indiya, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1950, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Indiya ta karɓi “Jana Gana Mana” a hukumance a matsayin waƙar ƙasar Indiya.
Tsarin kiɗa na wannan waƙa yana da alaƙa da gargajiyar Rabindra Sangeet.
Tagore ya ƙirƙira ayyukan kiɗa da dama ta hanyar haɗa gargajiyar kiɗan Indiya da ƙwarewarsa ta musamman.
Saboda haka, nazarin asali da ci gaban kiɗan sa wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin kiɗan Indiya.
2. Tarihin Jaffna Hindu College
Jaffna Hindu College ɗaya ce daga cikin sanannun cibiyoyin ilimi a ƙasar Sri Lanka.
Wannan cibiya da aka kafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara ta haifi zamani masana kimiyya, masana lissafi, likitoci, injiniyoyi, malamai da ƙwararru a fannoni daban-daban.
Bisa ga rajistar tarihi ta hukuma ta kwalejin, Vidwan K. Karthigesu ne ya rubuta waƙar ta.
Vidwan C. Arumugam ne ya ƙirƙira kiɗan ta.
Wannan waƙar da take farawa da kalmomin “Vaazhiya Yaazhnagar Hindu Kalluri” ta zama ainihin al’adar kwalejin.
Duk da haka, wannan bincike ya gano wani muhimmin gibi na tarihi.
Babu wata takarda ta tabbatacce da ke nuna shekarar da aka ƙirƙira waƙar asali ta har yau.
Ko da an kafa kwalejin kafin 1911, ba za mu iya ƙaddara cewa waƙar ta na yanzu an ƙirƙire ta ne kafin wannan shekarar ba.
Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne da ya kamata a yi la’akari da shi lokacin da ake nazarin dangantakar tarihi tsakanin waƙoƙin biyu.
3. Lokacin da aka kwatanta waƙoƙin biyu da kwamfuta…
An yi amfani da rikodin MPEG biyu na asali don wannan bincike.
Rikodin farko shi ne waƙar ƙasar Indiya, “Jana Gana Mana”.
Rikodin na biyu shi ne waƙar Jaffna Hindu College.
An kwatanta halayen kiɗa na waɗannan rikodin biyu ta amfani da harshen shirye-shirye na Python, dakin karatu na nazarin kiɗa Librosa, da dabarun Digital Signal Processing.
Ayyukan auni na asali da aka yi rajista a binciken:
| Halin bincike | Waƙar ƙasar Indiya | Waƙar Hindu College |
|---|---|---|
| Tsawon rikodin | dakika 61.73 | dakika 304.79 |
| Kimantar sauri (Tempo) | 107.7 BPM | 86.1 BPM |
| Yawan samfuran bincike | 11,025 Hz | 11,025 Hz |
| Binciken sautin murya (Pitch) | An yi | An yi |
Ko da yake rikodin biyu sun bambanta a tsawo da sauri, babban manufar ita ce bincika ko akwai kama-da-juna a tsarin sautin muryarsu.
4. Sakamakon lissafi mai ban mamaki na binciken
Lokacin da aka kwatanta tsarin sautin murya na waƙoƙin biyu, an gano wani kama-da-juna na lissafi mai ban sha’awa tsakanin wasu sassan kiɗa.
Bisa ga sakamakon da aka samu ta hanyar Harmonic Chroma Analysis, mafi girman matsalar matsakaicin kama-da-juna na Chroma tsakanin sassan kiɗa na dakika 20 da aka zaɓa na waƙoƙin biyu an yi rajistar shi a matsayin 0.992.
A kwatancen Chroma da ya dogara da jerin lokaci, mafi girman matsalar ita ce 0.594.
Ana ƙididdiga waɗannan matsalolin a kan sikeli daga 0 zuwa 1.
Matsalar 0.992 ba ta nufin waƙoƙin biyu suna raba kashi 99.2 cikin ɗari na waƙa ɗaya ba.
Wannan auni yana nuna kawai kama-da-juna tsakanin matsakaicin tsarin rukunin sautin murya da aka yi amfani da su a sassan kiɗa na musamman.
Haka ma, matsalar kama-da-juna na lokaci ta 0.594 ba ta tabbatar da cewa waƙoƙin waƙoƙin biyu suna daidai da juna ba.
Ayyukan aunin biyu suna kimanta halayen kiɗa daban-daban.
Wannan shi ne mafi muhimmin bayani na kimiyya na wannan bincike.
5. A cikin waɗanne sassan kiɗa aka gano kama-da-juna?
A kwatancen kwamfuta, an yi rajistar babban kama-da-juna tsakanin sassan kiɗa masu zuwa.
| Waƙar ƙasar Indiya | Waƙar Jaffna Hindu College | Matsalar kama-da-juna |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00-0:20 | 0:39-0:59 | 0.594 |
| 0:00-0:20 | 3:57-4:17 | 0.590 |
| 0:05-0:25 | 0:43-1:03 | 0.575 |
| 0:00-0:20 | 0:05-0:25 | 0.574 |
Waɗannan sakamakon sun fito ne daga kwatancen kwamfuta da ya dogara da sautin murya.
Musamman, an gano kama-da-juna tsakanin sashen kiɗa na farko na waƙar ƙasar Indiya da wasu sassan waƙar Jaffna Hindu College.
Duk da haka, bisa wannan dalili kaɗai, ba za a iya cewa manyan waƙoƙin da ake rera su a waɗannan sassan lokaci suna daidai da juna gaba ɗaya ba.
6. Me ya sa kama-da-juna ya ƙaru da canjin sautin murya biyu (semitone)?
A ilimin kiɗa akwai wani muhimmin ra’ayi da ake kira Transposition.
Canza maɓallin (key) waƙa ba tare da canza waƙar ta ta asali ba shi ne ake kira Transposition.
Misali, za a iya rera waƙa a maɓallin da ya dace da muryar namiji. Za a iya tsara waƙar ɗaya a maɓalli dabam don muryar mace.
Ko da rikodin waƙoƙi biyu suna a maɓallai daban-daban, tsarin kiɗansu na asali na iya samun kama-da-juna.
A wannan bincike, an samu mafi girman kama-da-juna ta hanyar ba da izinin canjin sautin murya biyu.
Wannan sakamako ne da ya cancanci zurfin nazarin ilimin kiɗa.
Amma kawai ƙaruwar kama-da-juna bayan canjin sautin murya ba ya isa a ƙaddara cewa waƙa ɗaya ta kwafe waƙar ɗayan ba.
7. Shin hankali na wucin gadi zai iya gano tarihin kiɗa?
Fasahohin hankali na wucin gadi na yau sun ƙirƙiri sababbin damammaki ga binciken kiɗa.
Ta hanyar fasahohi kamar Music Information Retrieval, Machine Learning, Digital Signal Processing da Deep Learning, yana yiwuwa a binciki kama-da-juna tsakanin dubban ayyukan kiɗa.
Musamman, za a iya nazarin jerin notunan kiɗa, tsarin kidan, tazaran kiɗa da jimlolin waƙa na aikin kiɗa ta hanyar lissafi.
Ta amfani da hanyoyi kamar Dynamic Time Warping, za a iya kimanta kama-da-juna tsakanin jerin kiɗa biyu da aka rera a saurare daban-daban.
Amma akwai wani muhimmin iyaka a nan.
Hankali na wucin gadi na iya gano kama-da-juna tsakanin ayyukan kiɗa biyu. Amma ba tare da shaidun tarihi ba, ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa wannan kama-da-juna sakamakon kwafin kiɗa ne ba.
Don sanin ko aikin kiɗa ɗaya ya fito ne daga tasirin ɗayan, jerin lokutan su, rubutaccen waƙa na asali da takardun tarihi sun zama dole.
8. Tambayoyin da ba a amsa su ba a tarihi
A matakin da zai biyo bayan wannan bincike, za a buƙaci amsa wasu tambayoyi masu muhimmanci.
A wace shekara Vidwan K. Karthigesu ya rubuta waƙar Jaffna Hindu College?
A wace shekara Vidwan C. Arumugam ya ƙirƙira kiɗan ta?
Shin wannan waƙa tana bayyana a cikin littattafan shekara-shekara na farko na kwalejin?
An adana tsoffin rubutattun waƙoƙinta ko rikodin ta na asali?
Akwai shaidun musayar kiɗa na tarihi tsakanin waƙar ƙasar Indiya da waƙar Jaffna Hindu College?
Sai bayan an samo amsoshi na tabbatacce ga waɗannan tambayoyin ne za a iya kimanta dangantakar tarihi tsakanin waƙoƙin biyu da fiye da daidaito.
9. Me wannan bincike ya tabbatar? Me ba a tabbatar ba tukuna?
Ya kamata a fahimci sakamakon wannan bincike a matakai uku.
Na farko: kama-da-juna da aka gano ta lissafi
An yi rajistar kama-da-juna da ya dogara da sautin murya tsakanin wasu sassan rikodin biyu.
Na biyu: dangantakar kiɗa da ba a tabbatar ba tukuna
Ba a tabbatar gaba ɗaya cewa manyan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin biyu suna raba tsarin kiɗa ɗaya ba.
Na uku: ikirarin tarihi da ba a tabbatar ba
A halin yanzu babu isassun shaidun tarihi na cewa waƙar ƙasar Indiya ta kwafe waƙar Jaffna Hindu College, ko waƙar Jaffna Hindu College ta bi waƙar ƙasar Indiya.
Bugu da ƙari, wannan bincike bai raba manyan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin biyu kaɗan-kaɗan ba kuma bai yi kwatancen rubutaccen waƙa na cikakke ba. Haka ma ba a yi gwaje-gwaje na ƙididdiga da suka kwatanta su da wasu waƙoƙin da ba su da alaƙa ba.
Saboda haka, ya kamata a ɗauki sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan a matsayin ƙaddara na binciken ilimin kiɗa na kwamfuta da yake a matakin farko.
10. Gayyata ta buɗe ga masu binciken kiɗa da masana tarihi na Indiya
Masu binciken da suke aiki a fannoni na ilimin kiɗa, tarihi, lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Indiya da Sri Lanka za su iya nazarin wannan tambaya sosai.
Musamman, idan ƙwararrun gargajiyar kiɗa ta Rabindranath Tagore, waɗanda suke adana takardun tarihi na Jaffna Hindu College, da masu binciken ilimin kiɗa na kwamfuta sun yi aiki tare, wannan bincike zai iya ci gaba.
Raba manyan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin biyu kaɗan-kaɗan, ƙirƙirar rubutattun waƙoƙin su, da kwatanta su da shaidun tarihi shi ne mataki na gaba mai muhimmanci.
Manufar wannan bincike ba tambayar waƙar ƙasa ta kowace ƙasa ko darajar kowace cibiyar ilimi ba ce.
A maimakon haka, manufar ta ita ce bincika ta kimiyya dangantakar tarihi da na iya kasancewa tsakanin arziƙin gargajiyar kiɗa ta Kudancin Asiya.
11. Ƙaddara ta ƙarshe: An gano kama-da-juna na kiɗa. Amma gaskiyar tarihi tana jiran tabbatarwa.
Binciken kwatance tsakanin waƙar ƙasar Indiya da waƙar Jaffna Hindu College ya bayyana wasu sakamakon lissafi masu ban sha’awa.
Akwai kama-da-juna da za a iya aunawa tsakanin tsarin sautin murya a sassan da aka zaɓa na rikodin biyu.
Amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin ƙaddara ko waɗannan kama-da-juna sakamakon gargajiyar kiɗa ɗaya ne, na ƙaddara ne, ko kuma sakamakon tasirin kiɗa na tarihi ne.
Shaidun da ke akwai a yanzu ba su tabbatar da ikirarin cewa waƙar ƙasar Indiya ta kwafe waƙar Jaffna Hindu College ba.
A lokaci guda, wannan bincike yana ba da wurin farawa don nazarin kama-da-juna na kiɗa tsakanin waƙoƙin biyu ta tsari.
Ba za mu iya rubuta tarihi yadda muke so ba. Amma za mu iya ci gaba da neman gaskiyoyin da ke ɓoye a tarihi da taimakon kimiyya, lissafi da fasaha.
Wannan shi ne tushen wannan bincike.
Yi tunani a lissafi. Yi injiniya da basira. Jagoranci a dabara. Gina da alhaki. Faɗaɗa a duniya. Kirkirar ƙimar kasuwanci ta zahiri ta hanyar hankali na wucin gadi.
#JanaGanaMana #YaalpaanamHinduCollege #NationalAnthem #Musicology #ITImpress
